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Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress ArchiMer
Abdalla, Saleh; Abdeh Kolahchi, Abdolnabi; Adusumilli, Susheel; Aich Bhowmick, Suchandra; Alou-font, Eva; Amarouche, Laiba; Andersen, Ole Baltazar; Antich, Helena; Aouf, Lotfi; Arbic, Brian; Armitage, Thomas; Arnault, Sabine; Artana, Camila; Aulicino, Giuseppe; Ayoub, Nadia; Badulin, Sergei; Baker, Steven; Banks, Chris; Bao, Lifeng; Barbetta, Silvia; Barceló-llull, Bàrbara; Barlier, François; Basu, Sujit; Bauer-gottwein, Peter; Becker, Matthias; Beckley, Brian; Bellefond, Nicole; Belonenko, Tatyana; Benkiran, Mounir; Benkouider, Touati; Bennartz, Ralf; Benveniste, Jérôme; Bercher, Nicolas; Berge-nguyen, Muriel; Bettencourt, Joao; Blarel, Fabien; Blazquez, Alejandro; Blumstein, Denis; Bonnefond, Pascal; Borde, Franck; Bouffard, Jérôme; Boy, François; Boy, Jean-paul; Brachet, Cédric; Brasseur, Pierre; Braun, Alexander; Brocca, Luca; Brockley, David; Brodeau, Laurent; Brown, Shannon; Bruinsma, Sean; Bulczak, Anna; Buzzard, Sammie; Cahill, Madeleine; Calmant, Stéphane; Calzas, Michel; Camici, Stefania; Cancet, Mathilde; Capdeville, Hugues; Carabajal, Claudia Cristina; Carrere, Loren; Cazenave, Anny; Chassignet, Eric P.; Chauhan, Prakash; Cherchali, Selma; Chereskin, Teresa; Cheymol, Cecile; Ciani, Daniele; Cipollini, Paolo; Cirillo, Francesca; Cosme, Emmanuel; Coss, Steve; Cotroneo, Yuri; Cotton, David; Couhert, Alexandre; Coutin-faye, Sophie; Crétaux, Jean-françois; Cyr, Frederic; D’ovidio, Francesco; Darrozes, José; David, Cedric; Dayoub, Nadim; De Staerke, Danielle; Deng, Xiaoli; Desai, Shailen; Desjonqueres, Jean-damien; Dettmering, Denise; Di Bella, Alessandro; Díaz-barroso, Lara; Dibarboure, Gerald; Dieng, Habib Boubacar; Dinardo, Salvatore; Dobslaw, Henryk; Dodet, Guillaume; Doglioli, Andrea; Domeneghetti, Alessio; Donahue, David; Dong, Shenfu; Donlon, Craig; Dorandeu, Joël; Drezen, Christine; Drinkwater, Mark; Du Penhoat, Yves; Dushaw, Brian; Egido, Alejandro; Erofeeva, Svetlana; Escudier, Philippe; Esselborn, Saskia; Exertier, Pierre; Fablet, Ronan; Falco, Cédric; Farrell, Sinead Louise; Faugere, Yannice; Femenias, Pierre; Fenoglio, Luciana; Fernandes, Joana; Fernández, Juan Gabriel; Ferrage, Pascale; Ferrari, Ramiro; Fichen, Lionel; Filippucci, Paolo; Flampouris, Stylianos; Fleury, Sara; Fornari, Marco; Forsberg, Rene; Frappart, Frédéric; Frery, Marie-laure; Garcia, Pablo; Garcia-mondejar, Albert; Gaudelli, Julia; Gaultier, Lucile; Getirana, Augusto; Gibert, Ferran; Gil, Artur; Gilbert, Lin; Gille, Sarah; Giulicchi, Luisella; Gómez-enri, Jesús; Gómez-navarro, Laura; Gommenginger, Christine; Gourdeau, Lionel; Griffin, David; Groh, Andreas; Guerin, Alexandre; Guerrero, Raul; Guinle, Thierry; Gupta, Praveen; Gutknecht, Benjamin D.; Hamon, Mathieu; Han, Guoqi; Hauser, Danièle; Helm, Veit; Hendricks, Stefan; Hernandez, Fabrice; Hogg, Anna; Horwath, Martin; Idžanović, Martina; Janssen, Peter; Jeansou, Eric; Jia, Yongjun; Jia, Yuanyuan; Jiang, Liguang; Johannessen, Johnny A.; Kamachi, Masafumi; Karimova, Svetlana; Kelly, Kathryn; Kim, Sung Yong; King, Robert; Kittel, Cecile M.m.; Klein, Patrice; Klos, Anna; Knudsen, Per; Koenig, Rolf; Kostianoy, Andrey; Kouraev, Alexei; Kumar, Raj; Labroue, Sylvie; Lago, Loreley Selene; Lambin, Juliette; Lasson, Léa; Laurain, Olivier; Laxenaire, Rémi; Lázaro, Clara; Le Gac, Sophie; Le Sommer, Julien; Le Traon, Pierre-yves; Lebedev, Sergey; Léger, Fabien; Legresy, Benoı̂t; Lemoine, Frank; Lenain, Luc; Leuliette, Eric; Levy, Marina; Lillibridge, John; Liu, Jianqiang; Llovel, William; Lyard, Florent; Macintosh, Claire; Makhoul Varona, Eduard; Manfredi, Cécile; Marin, Frédéric; Mason, Evan; Massari, Christian; Mavrocordatos, Constantin; Maximenko, Nikolai; Mcmillan, Malcolm; Medina, Thierry; Melet, Angelique; Meloni, Marco; Mertikas, Stelios; Metref, Sammy; Meyssignac, Benoit; Michaël, Ablain; Minster, Jean-françois; Moreau, Thomas; Moreira, Daniel; Morel, Yves; Morrow, Rosemary; Moyard, John; Mulet, Sandrine; Naeije, Marc; Nerem, Robert Steven; Ngodock, Hans; Nielsen, Karina; Nilsen, Jan Even Øie; Niño, Fernando; Nogueira Loddo, Carolina; Noûs, Camille; Obligis, Estelle; Otosaka, Inès; Otten, Michiel; Oztunali Ozbahceci, Berguzar; P. Raj, Roshin; Paiva, Rodrigo; Paniagua, Guillermina; Paolo, Fernando; Paris, Adrien; Pascual, Ananda; Passaro, Marcello; Paul, Stephan; Pavelsky, Tamlin; Pearson, Christopher; Penduff, Thierry; Peng, Fukai; Perosanz, Felix; Picot, Nicolas; Piras, Fanny; Poggiali, Valerio; Poirier, Étienne; Ponce De León, Sonia; Prants, Sergey; Prigent, Catherine; Provost, Christine; Pujol, M-isabelle; Qiu, Bo; Quilfen, Yves; Rami, Ali; Raney, R. Keith; Raynal, Matthias; Remy, Elisabeth; Rémy, Frédérique; Restano, Marco; Richardson, Annie; Richardson, Donald; Ricker, Robert; Ricko, Martina; Rinne, Eero; Rose, Stine Kildegaard; Rosmorduc, Vinca; Rudenko, Sergei; Ruiz, Simón; Ryan, Barbara J.; Salaün, Corinne; Sanchez-roman, Antonio; Sandberg Sørensen, Louise; Sandwell, David; Saraceno, Martin; Scagliola, Michele; Schaeffer, Philippe; Scharffenberg, Martin G.; Scharroo, Remko; Schiller, Andreas; Schneider, Raphael; Schwatke, Christian; Scozzari, Andrea; Ser-giacomi, Enrico; Seyler, Frederique; Shah, Rashmi; Sharma, Rashmi; Shaw, Andrew; Shepherd, Andrew; Shriver, Jay; Shum, C.k.; Simons, Wim; Simonsen, Sebatian B.; Slater, Thomas; Smith, Walter; Soares, Saulo; Sokolovskiy, Mikhail; Soudarin, Laurent; Spatar, Ciprian; Speich, Sabrina; Srinivasan, Margaret; Srokosz, Meric; Stanev, Emil; Staneva, Joanna; Steunou, Nathalie; Stroeve, Julienne; Su, Bob; Sulistioadi, Yohanes Budi; Swain, Debadatta; Sylvestre-baron, Annick; Taburet, Nicolas; Tailleux, Rémi; Takayama, Katsumi; Tapley, Byron; Tarpanelli, Angelica; Tavernier, Gilles; Testut, Laurent; Thakur, Praveen K.; Thibaut, Pierre; Thompson, Luanne; Tintoré, Joaquín; Tison, Céline; Tourain, Cédric; Tournadre, Jean; Townsend, Bill; Tran, Ngan; Trilles, Sébastien; Tsamados, Michel; Tseng, Kuo-hsin; Ubelmann, Clément; Uebbing, Bernd; Vergara, Oscar; Verron, Jacques; Vieira, Telmo; Vignudelli, Stefano; Vinogradova Shiffer, Nadya; Visser, Pieter; Vivier, Frederic; Volkov, Denis; Von Schuckmann, Karina; Vuglinskii, Valerii; Vuilleumier, Pierrik; Walter, Blake; Wang, Jida; Wang, Chao; Watson, Christopher; Wilkin, John; Willis, Josh; Wilson, Hilary; Woodworth, Philip; Yang, Kehan; Yao, Fangfang; Zaharia, Raymond; Zakharova, Elena; Zaron, Edward D.; Zhang, Yongsheng; Zhao, Zhongxiang; Zinchenko, Vadim; Zlotnicki, Victor.
In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Satellite altimetry; Oceanography; Sea level; Coastal oceanography; Cryospheric sciences; Hydrology.
Ano: 2021 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00688/79999/82978.pdf
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Global Observations of Fine-Scale Ocean Surface Topography With the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission ArchiMer
Morrow, Rosemary; Fu, Lee-lueng; Ardhuin, Fabrice; Benkiran, Mounir; Chapron, Bertrand; Cosme, Emmanuel; D’ovidio, Francesco; Farrar, J. Thomas; Gille, Sarah T.; Lapeyre, Guillaume; Le Traon, Pierre-yves; Pascual, Ananda; Ponte, Aurelien; Qiu, Bo; Rascle, Nicolas; Ubelmann, Clement; Wang, Jinbo; Zaron, Edward D..
The future international Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission, planned for launch in 2021, will make high-resolution 2D observations of sea-surface height using SAR radar interferometric techniques. SWOT will map the global and coastal oceans up to 77.6∘ latitude every 21 days over a swath of 120 km (20 km nadir gap). Today’s 2D mapped altimeter data can resolve ocean scales of 150 km wavelength whereas the SWOT measurement will extend our 2D observations down to 15–30 km, depending on sea state. SWOT will offer new opportunities to observe the oceanic dynamic processes at scales that are important in the generation and dissipation of kinetic energy in the ocean, and that facilitate the exchange of energy between the ocean interior and the...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ocean mesoscale circulation; Satellite altimetry; SAR-interferometry; Tides and internal tides; Calibration-validation.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00495/60685/64181.pdf
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Impact of oceanic-scale interactions on the seasonal modulation of ocean dynamics by the atmosphere ArchiMer
Sasaki, Hideharu; Klein, Patrice; Qiu, Bo; Sasai, Yoshikazu.
Ocean eddies (with a size of 100-300 km), ubiquitous in satellite observations, are known to represent about 80% of the total ocean kinetic energy. Recent studies have pointed out the unexpected role of smaller oceanic structures (with 1-50 km scales) in generating and sustaining these eddies. The interpretation proposed so far invokes the internal instability resulting from the large-scale interaction between upper and interior oceanic layers. Here we show, using a new high-resolution simulation of the realistic North Pacific Ocean, that ocean eddies are instead sustained by a different process that involves small-scale mixed-layer instabilities set up by large-scale atmospheric forcing in winter. This leads to a seasonal evolution of the eddy kinetic...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Earth sciences; Oceanography.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00250/36098/34642.pdf
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Interannual to Decadal Variations of Submesoscale Motions around the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent ArchiMer
Sasaki, Hideharu; Qiu, Bo; Klein, Patrice; Sasai, Yoshikazu; Nonaka, Masami.
The outputs from a submesoscale permitting hindcast simulation from 1990 to 2016 are used to investigate the interannual to decadal variations of submesoscale motions. The region we focus on is the subtropical Northwestern Pacific including the subtropical countercurrent. The submesoscale kinetic energy (KE) is characterized by strong interannual and decadal variability, displaying larger magnitudes in 1996, 2003, and 2015, and smaller magnitudes in 1999, 2009, 2010, and 2016. These variations are partially explained by those of the available potential energy (APE) release at submesoscale driven by mixed layer instability in winter. Indeed, this APE release depends on the mixed layer depth and horizontal buoyancy gradient, both of them modulated with the...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Submesoscale motion; Interannual to decadal variations; Mixed layer instability; North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00641/75287/75641.pdf
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Ocean Scale Interactions from Space ArchiMer
Klein, Patrice; Lapeyre, Guillaume; Siegelman, Lia; Qiu, Bo; Fu, Lee‐lueng; Torres, Hector; Su, Zhan; Menemenlis, Dimitris; Le Gentil, Sylvie.
Satellite observations of the last two decades have led to a major breakthrough emphasizing the existence of a strongly energetic mesoscale turbulent eddy field in all the oceans. This ocean mesoscale turbulence (OMT) is characterized by cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies (with a 100‐‐300 km size and depth scales of ~500‐‐1000 m) that capture approximatively 80% of the total kinetic energy and is now known to significantly impact the large‐scale ocean circulation, the ocean's carbon storage, the air‐sea interactions and therefore the Earth climate as a whole. However, OMT revealed by satellite observations has properties that differ from those related to classical geostrophic turbulence theories. In the last decade, a large number of theoretical and...
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00488/59951/63202.pdf
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Partitioning ocean motions into balanced motions and internal gravity waves: A modeling study in anticipation of future space missions ArchiMer
Torres, Hector S.; Klein, Patrice; Menemenlis, Dimitris; Qiu, Bo; Su, Zhan; Wang, Jinbo; Chen, Shuiming; Fu, Lee-lueng.
Internal gravity waves (IGWs) and balanced motions (BMs) with scales < 100‐km capture most of the vertical velocity field in the upper ocean. They have, however, different impacts on the ocean energy budget, which explains the need to partition motions into BMs and IGWs. One way is to exploit the synergy of using different satellite observations, the only observations with global coverage and a reasonable spatial and temporal resolution. But we need first to characterize and understand their signatures on the different surface oceanic fields. This study addresses this issue by using an ocean global numerical simulation with high‐resolution (1/48o). Our methodology is based on the analysis of the 12,000 frequency‐wavenumber spectra to discriminate these...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Oceanic surface motions; Satellite observations; Balanced motions; Internal gravity waves.
Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00464/57568/59746.pdf
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Reconstructability of 3-Dimensional Upper Ocean Circulation from SWOT Sea Surface Height Measurements ArchiMer
Qiu, Bo; Chen, Shuiming; Klein, Patrice; Ubelmann, Clement; Fu, Lee-lueng; Sasaki, Hideharu.
Utilizing the framework of effective surface quasi-geostrophic (eSQG) theory, we explored the potential of reconstructing the 3D upper ocean circulation structures, including the balanced vertical velocity (w) field, from high-resolution sea surface height (SSH) data of the planned SWOT satellite mission. Specifically, we utilized the 1/30°, submesoscale-resolving, OFES model output and subjected it through the SWOT simulator that generates the along-swath SSH data with expected measurement errors. Focusing on the Kuroshio Extension region in the North Pacific where regional Rossby numbers range from 0.22 to 0.32, we found that the eSQG dynamics constitutes an effective framework for reconstructing the 3D upper ocean circulation field. Using the modeled...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Variability; Models and modeling; General circulation models; Vertical motion; Circulation/ Dynamics; Quasigeostrophic models; Mesoscale processes; Observational techniques and algorithms; Oceanic variability; Altimetry.
Ano: 2016 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00309/42032/41331.pdf
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Reconstructing Upper Ocean Vertical Velocity Field from Sea Surface Height in the Presence of Unbalanced Motion ArchiMer
Qiu, Bo; Chen, Shuiming; Klein, Patrice; Torres, Hector; Wang, Jinbo; Fu, Lee-lueng; Menemenlis, Dimitris.
Reconstructability of upper ocean vertical velocity (w) and vorticity (ζ) fields from high-resolution sea surface height (SSH) data is explored using the global 1/48° horizontal-resolution MITgcm output in the context of the forth-coming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. By decomposing w with an omega equation of the primitive-equation system and by taking into account the measurement design of the SWOT mission, this study seeks to reconstruct the subinertial, balanced w and ζ signals. By adopting the effective surface quasi-geostrophic (eSQG) framework and applying to the Kuroshio Extension region of the North Pacific, we find that the target and reconstructed fields have a spatial correlation of ~0.7 below the mixed layer for w and 0.7 ~...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Eddies; Mesoscale processes; Ocean dynamics; Vertical motion; Altimetry.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00593/70561/68744.pdf
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Regionality and seasonality of submesoscale and mesoscale turbulence in the North Pacific Ocean ArchiMer
Sasaki, Hideharu; Klein, Patrice; Sasai, Yoshikazu; Qiu, Bo.
The kinetic energy (KE) seasonality has been revealed by satellite altimeters in many oceanic regions. Question about the mechanisms that trigger this seasonality is still challenging. We address this question through the comparison of two numerical simulations. The first one, with a 1/10° horizontal grid spacing, 54 vertical levels, represents dynamics of physical scales larger than 50 km. The second one, with a 1/30° grid spacing, 100 vertical levels, takes into account the dynamics of physical scales down to 16 km. Comparison clearly emphasizes in the whole North Pacific Ocean, not only a significant KE increase by a factor up to three, but also the emergence of seasonal variability when the scale range 16–50 km (called submesoscales in this study) is...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Submesoscale turbulence; Scale interactions; Mixed-layer instability; High-resolution simulations; North Pacific.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00392/50347/51110.pdf
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Satellite Altimetry and Key Observations: What We've Learned, and What's Possible with New Technologies ArchiMer
Scott, Robert B.; Bourassa, Mark; Chelton, Dudley; Cipollini, Paolo; Ferrari, Raffaele; Fu, Lee-lueng; Galperin, Boris; Gille, Sarah; Huang, Huei-ping; Klein, Patrice; Maximenko, Nikolai; Morrow, Rosemary; Qiu, Bo; Rodriguez, Ernesto; Stammer, Detlef; Tailleux, Remi; Wunsch, Carl.
The advent of high accuracy satellite altimetry in the 1990's brought the first global view of ocean dynamics, which together with a global network of supporting observations brought a revolution in understanding of how the ocean works [1]. At present a constellation of flying satellite missions routinely provides sea level anomaly, sea winds, sea surface temperature (SST), ocean colour, etc. with mesoscale resolution (50km to 100km, 20 to 150 days) on a near global scale. Concurrently, in situ monitoring is carried out by surface drifters, Argo floats, moorings, sea gliders as well as ship-borne CTD (Conductivity-Temperature-Depth) and XBT (Expendable Bathythermograph) (to measure profiles of temperature and salinity), and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current...
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Ano: 2010 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00067/17791/15315.pdf
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Seasonal Mesoscale and Submesoscale Eddy Variability along the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent ArchiMer
Qiu, Bo; Chen, Shuiming; Klein, Patrice; Sasaki, Hideharu; Sasai, Yoshikazu.
Located at the center of the western North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) is not only abundant in mesoscale eddies, but also exhibits prominent submesoscale eddy features. Output from a 1/30 degrees high-resolution OGCM simulation and a gridded satellite altimetry product are analyzed to contrast the seasonal STCC variability in the mesoscale versus submesoscale ranges. Resolving the eddy scales of >150 km, the altimetry product reveals that the STCC eddy kinetic energy and rms vorticity have a seasonal maximum in May and April, respectively, a weak positive vorticity skewness without seasonal dependence, and an inverse (forward) kinetic energy cascade for wavelengths larger (shorter) than 250 km. In contrast, the...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Circulation/ Dynamics; Eddies; Instability; Mesoscale processes; Observational techniques and algorithms; Altimetry; Models and modeling; Ocean models; Variability; Seasonal variability.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00245/35588/34142.pdf
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Seasonality in Transition Scale from Balanced to Unbalanced Motions in the World Ocean ArchiMer
Qiu, Bo; Chen, Shuiming; Klein, Patrice; Wang, Jinbo; Torres, Hector; Fu, Lee-lueng; Menemenlis, Dimitris.
The transition scale Lt from balanced geostrophic motions to unbalanced wave motions, including near-inertial flows, internal tides and inertia-gravity wave continuum, is explored using the output from a global 1/48° horizontal resolution MITgcm simulation. Defined as the wavelength with equal balanced and unbalanced motion kinetic energy (KE) spectral density, Lt is detected to be geographically highly inhomogeneous: it falls below 40 km in the western boundary current and Antarctic Circumpolar Current regions, increases to 40- 100 km in the interior subtropical and subpolar gyres, and exceeds, in general, 200 km in the tropical oceans. With the exception of the Pacific and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean, the seasonal KE uctuations of the surface...
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Ano: 2018 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00423/53431/54318.pdf
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Submesoscale transition from geostrophic flows to internal waves in the northwestern Pacific upper ocean ArchiMer
Qiu, Bo; Nakano, Toshiya; Chen, Shuiming; Klein, Patrice.
With radar interferometry, the next-generation Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission will improve the measured sea surface height resolution down to 15 km, allowing us to investigate for the first time the global upper ocean variability at the submesoscale range. Here, by analysing shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements along 137 degrees E in the northwest Pacific of 2004-2016, we show that the observed upper ocean velocities are comprised of balanced geostrophic flows and unbalanced internal waves. The transition length scale, L-t, separating these two motions, is found to depend strongly on the energy level of local mesoscale eddy variability. In the eddy-abundant western boundary current region of Kuroshio, L-t can be...
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2017 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00368/47935/47962.pdf
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The influence of geostrophic strain on oceanic ageostrophic motion and surface chlorophyll ArchiMer
Zhang, Zhengguang; Qiu, Bo; Klein, Patrice; Travis, Seth.
Oceanic submesoscale ageostrophic processes have been progressively recognized as an important upwelling mechanism to close the nutrient budget and sustain the observed primary production of phytoplankton in the euphotic layer. Their relatively small spatio-temporal scales (of 1~10 km and a few days) have hindered a systematic observational quantification of the submesoscale ageostrophic flow variability and its impact on ocean biogeochemistry. By combining surface drifters, satellite altimetry and satellite ocean-color data, we detect that when the strain rate of mesoscale surface geostrophic flow is strong, it favors a higher ageostrophic kinetic energy level and an increase in surface chlorophyll concentration. The strain-induced frontal processes are...
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Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00509/62057/66227.pdf
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